Waste can be classified by a multiple scheme. With the exception of source or origin, list them. (5 marks) (ii) Identify and explain four (4) types of waste by source (origin). (20 marks)

### (i) Classification of Waste (Excluding Source or Origin)

Waste can be classified by multiple schemes, including the following:

1. **Physical State**: 
   - Solid Waste: Includes items like plastics, metals, and organic materials.
   - Liquid Waste: Includes wastewater, oil, and chemicals.
   - Gaseous Waste: Includes emissions from industrial processes and gases released into the atmosphere.

2. **Hazardous Nature**: 
   - Non-Hazardous Waste: Items that do not pose a significant risk to health or the environment.
   - Hazardous Waste: Materials that can be dangerous or harmful to human health or the environment (e.g., batteries, chemicals).

3. **Biodegradability**: 
   - Biodegradable Waste: Waste that can be broken down by microorganisms (e.g., food scraps, paper).
   - Non-Biodegradable Waste: Waste that cannot be decomposed by natural processes (e.g., plastics, metals).

4. **Chemical Composition**: 
   - Organic Waste: Composed of carbon-containing materials (e.g., food waste, yard waste).
   - Inorganic Waste: Composed of non-carbon-containing materials (e.g., metals, glass).

5. **Municipal vs. Industrial**: 
   - Municipal Waste: Collected from households and communities (e.g., residential garbage).
   - Industrial Waste: Generated from manufacturing processes and industrial activities (e.g., sludge, scrap metal).

### (ii) Four (4) Types of Waste by Source (Origin)

1. **Municipal Solid Waste (MSW)**:
   - **Explanation**: This type of waste originates from households, businesses, and institutions in urban areas. Municipal solid waste includes everyday items that are discarded, such as food scraps, packaging, textiles, and furniture. The management of MSW involves collection, recycling, composting, and disposal in landfills or incineration.

2. **Hazardous Waste**:
   - **Explanation**: This type of waste is produced from industrial processes, healthcare facilities, and laboratories, and contains substances that can be harmful to human health or the environment. Examples include chemicals, pharmaceuticals, batteries, and electronic waste. Hazardous waste requires special handling, treatment, and disposal methods to prevent contamination and health risks.

3. **Construction and Demolition Waste (C&D Waste)**:
   - **Explanation**: This type of waste is generated during the construction, renovation, and demolition of buildings and other structures. It includes materials such as concrete, bricks, wood, metals, and glass. C&D waste management focuses on recycling and reusing materials to minimize landfill use and reduce environmental impact.

4. **Electronic Waste (E-Waste)**:
   - **Explanation**: E-waste comes from discarded electronic devices like computers, smartphones, televisions, and appliances. This type of waste is increasingly problematic due to the rapid technological advancements and the hazardous materials (such as lead and mercury) contained in these devices. Proper e-waste management involves recycling and recovery of valuable materials while ensuring safe disposal of hazardous components.

These classifications help in understanding the various challenges associated with waste management and highlight the importance of proper disposal and recycling to mitigate environmental impacts.