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summarize the key points of the paper:Chaudhary AR, Guarnizo LE. 2016. Pakistani immigrant organisational spaces in Toronto and New York City. J. Ethn. Migr. Stud. 42(6):1013–35

The paper by Chaudhary and Guarnizo (2016) examines the organizational spaces established by Pakistani immigrants in Toronto and New York City, highlighting key aspects of their social and community dynamics. Here are the central points of the study: 1. **Comparative Analysis**: The authors compare the experiences and organizational structures of Pakistani immigrants in two major North American cities - Toronto and New York City - focusing on how local contexts influence immigrant community formation. 2. **Organizational Functions**: The paper discusses the various functions of these organizations, including social support, cultural preservation, and political advocacy. These spaces serve as vital hubs for connection among immigrants. 3. **Cultural Identity**: The study emphasizes the role of these organizations in fostering a sense of cultural identity and belonging among Pakistani immigrants, allowing them to maintain ties to their heritage while navigating life in a new country. 4. **Adaptation and Integration**: The research highlights the adaptive strategies employed by these communities to integrate into broader society while also addressing the challenges they face, such as discrimination and socio-economic barriers. 5. **Network Building**: The authors point out the importance of networking within these organizational spaces, which facilitate resource-sharing and support among immigrants, thereby enhancing their resilience. 6. **Policy Implications**: The paper concludes by suggesting that understanding these immigrant organizational spaces can inform policies aimed at improving the integration and support of immigrant communities in urban settings. Overall, the study provides valuable insights into how Pakistani immigrant organizations in Toronto and New York City operate, their impact on community dynamics, and the role they play in the integration process.