summarize the key points of the paper:Pessar, Patricia R. and Sarah J. Mahler. 2003. "Transnational Migration: Bringing Gender in." International Migration Review 37(3):812-46.

In the paper "Transnational Migration: Bringing Gender In," Patricia R. Pessar and Sarah J. Mahler explore the intersection of gender and transnational migration. Here are the key points:

**Gendered Perspectives**: The authors argue that migration studies have historically underrepresented gender dynamics. They emphasize that understanding migration requires analyzing how gender influences migration patterns, experiences, and impacts.

**Transnationalism Defined**: Pessar and Mahler define transnationalism as the process by which migrants maintain ties across borders, establishing social, cultural, and economic networks that span their home and host countries.

**The Role of Women**: The paper highlights the increasing participation of women in migration, not only as dependents but also as active seekers of opportunities. Women often navigate complex roles that challenge traditional notions of gender.

**Social Networks**: The authors discuss how gender affects social networks during migration. Women's migration is often mediated by family ties, with many women migrating to support families back home or to reunite with relatives.

**Economic Contributions**: Women contribute significantly to both the economies of their host countries and their home countries through remittances. The authors capture the dual economic roles that women fulfill as workers and caregivers.

**Policy Implications**: Pessar and Mahler argue for the need to integrate gender analysis into migration policies. They suggest that recognizing the distinct experiences and challenges faced by male and female migrants can lead to more effective support systems.

**Identity and Agency**: The paper emphasizes the importance of understanding migrant women's identities and their agency in navigating transnational spaces. It argues that women are not just passive victims of migration but active agents who shape their own experiences.

In conclusion, the authors advocate for a more nuanced and gender-inclusive approach to the study of transnational migration, highlighting the diverse experiences of both men and women and calling for a re-examination of migration policies to reflect these complexities.