summarize the key points of the paper:Bean, Frank D. and David Spender. 2004. "Controlling International Migration Through Enforcement: The Case of the United States." Pp. 352-70 in International Migration: Prospects and Policies In a Global Market, edite

In the paper "Controlling International Migration Through Enforcement: The Case of the United States" by Frank D. Bean and David Spender, key points include:

**Overview of U.S. Immigration Policy**: The authors provide a historical context on U.S. immigration policies, emphasizing how enforcement mechanisms have evolved over time in response to demographic changes and public sentiment.

**Enforcement as a Central Strategy**: The paper argues that enforcement has become a primary strategy for controlling international migration, focusing on the increased use of border security, fencing, and the militarization of immigration enforcement.

**Impact of Enforcement Measures**: Bean and Spender discuss the effects of these enforcement measures, including their implications for migrant flows, the experiences of undocumented immigrants, and the overall effectiveness of such strategies in reducing illegal immigration.

**Economic and Social Factors**: The authors highlight the driving forces behind migration, such as economic opportunities and social networks, suggesting that enforcement alone may not address the root causes of migration.

**Policy Implications**: The paper concludes with a discussion on the need for a balanced approach that includes both enforcement and policies that address the complexities of migration, advocating for comprehensive immigration reforms that take into account humanitarian concerns and labor market needs.

Overall, the authors emphasize that while enforcement is a significant aspect of immigration policy, it must be part of a broader strategy that considers the multiple factors influencing migration.