Please summarize the following4.3 Properties of optimal biodiesel yield. Table 4.3 Shows the Properties of optimal biodiesel yield using hybrid feedstocks (Goat fat oil and beniseed oil) and hybrid catalyst ( plantain peduncle and goat bone) in comparison

The provided sections summarize research findings on biodiesel production using hybrid feedstocks and catalysts, specifically goat fat oil and beniseed oil combined with a catalyst blend of plantain peduncle and goat bone. Key findings from the analysis of the properties of optimal biodiesel yield are as follows: 1. **Density**: The density of the biodiesel derived from the hybrid feedstocks and catalysts was measured at 0.8660 g/cm³, which is lower than the 0.8702 g/cm³ from the single source feedstock and catalyst. This indicates a better quality biodiesel, as a lower density can enhance mixing and reaction efficiency. 2. **Kinematic Viscosity**: The kinematic viscosity of the hybrid biodiesel was found to be 5.8110 mm²/s, aligning with ASTM standards and demonstrating better quality compared to the single source yield of 6.730 mm²/s. 3. **Flash and Fire Points**: The hybrid biodiesel flash point was 162°C and the fire point was at 170°C, both slightly lower than 164°C and 174°C for the single source biodiesel, indicating improved safety and combustion properties. 4. **Refractive Index**: The refractive index for the hybrid biodiesel was 0.4619, a lower value than 1.4688 from the single source, indicating better purity and quality. 5. **Acid and Free Fatty Acid Values**: The acid value for the hybrid biodiesel was 1.52, slightly better than 1.56 for the single source, while the free fatty acid value was 0.68 compared to 0.78, suggesting that the hybrid feedstocks produce a biodiesel of higher quality. 6. **API Gravity**: The API gravity for the hybrid yield was 34.12, significantly higher than 31.11 from the single source, indicating better engine performance and cold flow properties. 7. **Aniline, Diesel, and Cetane Indices**: The hybrid biodiesel exhibited a higher aniline point of 191.00°C compared to 124.30°C from the single source, suggesting better corrosion resistance. The diesel index (56.41°C) and cetane index (53.41°C) were also higher than their single source counterparts (38.67°C and 35.67°C), indicating superior volatility and ignition quality. Additionally, the study involved characterization of the catalysts through FTIR (Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy) and XRD (X-ray diffraction) analyses: - **FTIR Analysis**: The combined catalyst showed specific functional groups, indicating improved properties beneficial for biodiesel production, including enhanced thermal stability and reactivity. - **XRD Analysis**: The catalyst blend contained a higher proportion of graphite (44%) compared to apatite (34%) found in goat bone exclusively, indicating better thermal stability and catalytic activity, essential for efficient biodiesel yield. Overall, the hybrid approach to biodiesel production using mixed feedstocks and catalysts resulted in properties that suggest higher quality biodiesel with improved safety, performance, and stability compared to single-source alternatives.