Please summarize the following MATERIALS AND METHODS 3.1 Materials Materials required in this work include glass wares and other consumables, analytical grade reagents and electronic equipments. 3.1.1 Glass wares and other consumables: Conical flask,

The study employed a systematic approach in its materials and methods to extract oil from benne seeds and create biodiesel using modified catalysts. **Materials Used:** - **Glassware and Consumables:** Included conical flasks, beakers, Soxhlet extraction apparatus, and various filters, all manufactured by Pyrex. - **Analytical Grade Reagents:** Methanol, ethanol, sodium hydroxide, and others from May and Baker. - **Electronic Equipment:** Weighing balance, laboratory hot plate, muffle furnace, FTIR spectrometer, and more for measurements and characterization. **Methods:** 1. **Seed Collection & Preparation:** Raw benne seeds were cleaned of impurities, dried, and milled for effective oil extraction. 2. **Oil Extraction (Soxhlet Method):** Using a Soxhlet apparatus, 100 g of milled seeds were extracted with 300 ml n-hexane, followed by distillation and drying of the oil. 3. **Goat Fat Treatment:** Goat fat was blended and esterified with methanol and sulfuric acid to eliminate free fatty acids. 4. **Oil Characterization:** Key oil parameters such as moisture content, specific gravity, viscosity, free fatty acid content, and iodine value were assessed using various standardized laboratory methods. 5. **Nano Catalyst Synthesis:** A catalyst was created from a blend of goat bones and plantain pendicles through grinding, mixing with sulfuric acid, calcination, washing, and drying. 6. **Transesterification for Biodiesel Production:** The reaction involved combining oil, methanol, and the catalyst in a closed setup, allowing variations in catalyst concentration, reaction time, temperature, and agitation speed. 7. **Characterization of Biodiesel:** Biodiesel characteristics such as flash point, viscosity, aniline point, cetane number, and functional groups were analyzed using several methods, including FTIR and X-ray diffraction. Overall, the study emphasizes extracting oil efficiently from biological materials, converting it into biodiesel using accessible materials, and characterizing the resulting products to ensure quality standards.