In 700 words, explain the research design to be used on the project topic "Investigating the Prevalence of Water-Borne Diseases in Wa and Its Environs".

### Research Design for Investigating the Prevalence of Water-Borne Diseases in Wa and Its Environs **1. Introduction** Water-borne diseases pose significant public health challenges, particularly in regions with inadequate water supply and sanitation infrastructure. This research aims to investigate the prevalence of water-borne diseases in Wa, a city in Ghana, and its surrounding areas. By employing a systematic research design, the study will provide insights into the types of water-borne diseases prevalent, their correlation with water quality, and the socio-economic factors that contribute to their prevalence. **2. Research Objectives** The primary objectives of this study are: - To determine the prevalence of specific water-borne diseases in Wa and its surroundings. - To assess the water quality and its correlation with the incidence of these diseases. - To analyze the socio-economic factors influencing the prevalence of water-borne diseases in the region. **3. Research Questions** To guide the study, the following research questions will be posed: - What is the prevalence rate of various water-borne diseases in Wa? - Which specific pathogens or contaminants are most commonly found in the local water supply? - What socio-economic factors correlate with higher prevalence rates of water-borne diseases? **4. Research Design** This research adopts a mixed-methods approach combining both quantitative and qualitative data collection methods. The integration of these methods is essential to capture the complexity of the issues surrounding water-borne diseases. **4.1 Quantitative Component** **4.1.1 Study Setting and Population** The study will take place in Wa and surrounding areas, focusing on households, healthcare facilities, and local water sources. The target population will include residents, community health workers, and healthcare providers. **4.1.2 Sampling** A stratified random sampling technique will be employed to ensure representation from various socio-economic backgrounds. Households will be selected based on predefined criteria, and the sample size will be calculated using Cochran’s formula to ensure statistical validity, aiming for a confidence level of 95% and a margin of error of 5%. **4.1.3 Data Collection** Quantitative data will be collected through: - **Health Surveys:** Structured questionnaires will be distributed to households to gather data on disease prevalence, demographic information, health-seeking behavior, and water consumption practices. - **Clinical Records:** Data will be gathered from local health facilities on diagnosed cases of water-borne diseases, such as cholera, malaria (transmitted by contaminated water sources), and typhoid fever. - **Water Quality Testing:** Water samples will be collected from various sources (public taps, boreholes, streams) and tested for contaminants, including E. coli, heavy metals, and other pathogens, utilizing standardized laboratory methods. **4.2 Qualitative Component** **4.2.1 Focus Group Discussions (FGDs)** To complement the quantitative data, focus group discussions will be conducted with community members. These discussions will provide insights into community perceptions and experiences related to water access, quality, and health outcomes. Participants will be recruited randomly and structured discussions will foster dialogue around socio-economic factors contributing to disease prevalence. **4.2.2 Key Informant Interviews (KIIs)** Interviews will be conducted with health care providers, local government officials, and NGOs engaged in water and sanitation projects. The purpose of these interviews will be to gather expert opinions on health interventions, policy regulations, and educational initiatives aimed at reducing water-borne diseases. **5. Data Analysis** **5.1 Quantitative Data Analysis** Statistical software (e.g., SPSS or R) will be employed to analyze the quantitative data. Descriptive statistics will summarize the prevalence, and inferential statistics (e.g., chi-square tests, logistic regression) will identify associations between water quality, socio-economic factors, and disease incidence. **5.2 Qualitative Data Analysis** Analysis of qualitative data will follow thematic coding procedures. Transcripts from FGDs and KIIs will be analyzed to identify common themes, perceptions, and narratives regarding water-borne diseases and their socio-economic implications. **6. Ethical Considerations** Prior to data collection, ethical approval will be obtained from relevant local and national authorities. Informed consent will be sought from all participants, ensuring confidentiality and the option to withdraw from the study without repercussions. **7. Conclusion** This mixed-methods research design offers a comprehensive approach to investigating the prevalence of water-borne diseases in Wa and its environs, thereby contributing to a better understanding of the health implications of water quality and socio-economic factors. The findings aim to inform public health interventions and policy formulations to mitigate the impact of water-borne diseases in the region.