Sub-Saharan Africa remains the area of greatest concern 37% coverage (Sah & Negussie, 2009). Using participatory methods, it forces primarily rural communities to recognize that their practice of open defecation causes sickness and disease in their area a

Sub-Saharan Africa is a region of significant concern, with only 37% coverage reported (Sah & Negussie, 2009). Through participatory approaches, this initiative encourages mainly rural communities to acknowledge that their open defecation practices contribute to illness and disease within their locality. It motivates them to take action by ensuring that each household constructs at least one pit latrine, ultimately leading to the community achieving an open defecation-free (ODF) status (Galvin, 2015).