In diffusion-limited gas exchange scenarios, such as those seen in pulmonary conditions like fibrosis, the mechanics of oxygen (O2) transport are altered significantly. Under normal circumstances, the transfer of O2 from the alveoli into the pulmonary capillary blood is rapid, allowing for efficient equilibration—this is often referred to as perfusion-limited gas exchange. In healthy lungs, O2 equilibrates quickly due to a favorable diffusion