In ALL question write down True (T) or False (F) if the statement is true or false against the letter A, B, C, D and E corresponding to the statement. A ½ mark will be deducted for wrong judgement. 21. Left ventricular failure tends to cause an increas
Here are the true (T) or false (F) judgments for the statements:
**21. Left ventricular failure tends to cause an increase in:**
(a) Left atrial pressure - **T**
(b) Pulmonary capillary pressure - **T**
(c) Lung compliance - **F**
(d) Pulmonary oedema when the patient stands up - **F** (Pulmonary oedema is more related to the supine or seated position due to gravity.)
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**22. The following are statements about the exchange of substances between blood and the interstitial fluid:**
(a) O2 and CO₂ pass easily across capillary walls - **T**
(b) Exchange diffusion provides an enormously greater turn over of water between the blood and the interstitial space than a filtration and re-absorption along the lines envisaged by Starling - **F** (Starling forces primarily dictate fluid movement.)
(c) Exchange of substances between blood and interstitial fluid also occurs across the walls of venules - **T**
(d) Movements of a substance from blood to interstitial fluid will occur only if there is a favourable concentration gradient - **T**
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**23. When one of the following are necessary to calculate cardiac output using the direct Fick method based on oxygen measurements:**
(a) Oxygen consumption per minute - **T**
(b) Arterial oxygen concentration - **T**
(c) Ventilation/perfusion ratio - **F**
(d) Mixed venous oxygen concentration - **T**
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**24. In the heart:**
(a) The left atrial wall is about three times thicker than the right atrial wall - **T**
(b) Systole contraction normally begins in the left atrium - **F** (Systole begins in the ventricles.)
(c) Excitation spreads directly from atrial to ventricular fibers - **T**
(d) Atrial and ventricular muscle contracts simultaneously in systole - **F** (Atria contract first, then ventricles contract.)
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**25. The jugular venous:**
(a) Pulse is not visible in normal healthy people - **F** (It can be visible in healthy individuals.)
(b) Pulse has greater amplitude in patients with tricuspid incompetence - **T**
(c) Pulse can vary widely in amplitude in patients with complete heart block - **T**
(d) Pressure is raised in patients with right ventricular failure - **T**
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Please note that for each false judgment, 0.5 marks are deducted as specified.