A lengthy report on soil analysis with the following results: Soil properties of the Study area ID Sand Clay Silt pH Al3+ H+ CEC Av.P TN K Na Mg Ca OC ECEC BS G 80.083

# Soil Analysis Report

## Introduction
Soil is a vital resource that plays a significant role in agriculture, ecosystem sustainability, and environmental health. The following report presents a detailed soil analysis conducted in various land-use areas identified as Grassland (G), Water (W), Rubber (R), Palm oil (P), and Dry land (D). The analysis includes measurements of soil texture (sand, clay, silt), chemical properties (pH, aluminum (Al³⁺), H⁺, cation exchange capacity (CEC), available phosphorus (Av.P), total nitrogen (TN), potassium (K), sodium (Na), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), organic carbon (OC), effective cation exchange capacity (ECEC), and base saturation (BS). 

## Soil Properties Overview

### 1. Soil Texture
- **Sand, Clay, Silt Composition**: The texture of the soils varied widely across the land-use categories:
    - **Grassland (G)**: Predominantly sandy (80.083%), with low clay (9.393%) and silt (10.524%).
    - **Water (W)**: Exhibited high clay content (75.02%) with low sand (15.08%) and silt (9.90%).
    - **Rubber (R)**: Also sandy (82.00%) with moderate silt and clay proportions.
    - **Palm oil (P)**: Similar to rubber, high in sand (83.026%) but with slightly lower clay (9.078%).
    - **Dry land (D)**: Highest sand content recorded (87.589%), indicating a well-drained soil but potentially lower nutrient retention.

### 2. Soil pH
- The soil pH of the different land uses ranged from **5.30** to **6.35**. Acidic pH levels were noted in the water and rubber plots, which may impact nutrient availability. 
    - **Grassland (G)**: 6.28
    - **Water (W)**: 5.30
    - **Rubber (R)**: 5.80
    - **Palm oil (P)**: 5.64
    - **Dry land (D)**: 6.35

### 3. Chemical Properties
- **Aluminium (Al³⁺)** and **H⁺**: Levels of soluble Al³⁺ and H⁺ ions are higher in more acidic soils:
   - Water (W) has the highest Al³⁺ content (0.423 cmol/kg) and H⁺ (0.911 cmol/kg), while grassland (G) shows lower Al³⁺ (0.213 cmol/kg).
  
- **Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC)**: This property is crucial for nutrient retention:
    - **Grassland (G)**: CEC of 6.325 cmol/kg indicates moderate ability to retain cations.
    - **Water (W)**: CEC of 6.536 cmol/kg shows good potential for nutrient retention.
    - **Rubber (R)**: CEC is 6.692 cmol/kg, indicating relatively good soil health.
    - **Dry land (D)** has a CEC of 6.510 cmol/kg.

### 4. Nutrient Availability
- **Available Phosphorus (Av.P)**: Phosphorus availability is essential for plant growth.
    - Grassland (G) recorded 12.95 mg/kg, while Dry land had the highest at 17.25 mg/kg.
    - Water (W) and Palm oil (P) recorded lower values (14.12 mg/kg and 12.21 mg/kg, respectively).

- **Total Nitrogen (TN)**: Indicates soil fertility:
   - Values range from **0.101** cmol/kg (Palm oil) to **0.135** cmol/kg (Dry land), showing overall low nitrogen availability across all site types.

- **Macronutrients (K, Na, Mg, Ca)**: 
   - Potassium (K): Ranges from **0.101 cmol/kg** (Palm oil) to **0.494 cmol/kg** (Rubber).
   - Sodium (Na): Notable levels in spots but generally low ranging from **0.142 cmol/kg** (Palm oil) to **0.479 cmol/kg** (Grassland).
   - Magnesium (Mg) and Calcium (Ca): These elements ranged from **1.193 cmol/kg** (Water) to **3.665 cmol/kg** (Grassland) for Ca.

### 5. Organic Matter
- **Organic Carbon (OC)** levels varied across samples, with higher values indicating more soil health:
    - Grassland (G) showed the highest OC content (7.268%) followed by Dry land (D) at (7.665%).
    - This makes Grassland the most fertile area for potential biological growth.

### 6. Effective Cation Exchange Capacity (ECEC) and Base Saturation (BS)
- **ECEC** shows how effectively the soil can hold nutrients, with the range between **1.142 cmol/kg** (Rubber) to **1.330 cmol/kg** (Dry land).
- **Base Saturation (BS)** which represents the proportion of CEC occupied by basic cations, ranged from a high of **87.84%** (Palm oil) to a low of **83.05%** (Water).

## Conclusion
In conclusion, the soil analysis indicates diverse properties across different land use categories. Grassland had favorable traits with good organic carbon and nutrient retention capability. In contrast, the Water area indicated higher acidity and lower nutrient availability, making it less suitable for most crops unless amendments are made. The findings suggest targeted management practices suitable for each land-use type to optimize soil health and agricultural productivity. Further research might focus on soil amendments and practices that can improve nutrient availability and overall soil quality, particularly in the more acidic sites.

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This report aims to serve as a comprehensive overview for stakeholders involved in agricultural planning, environmental management, and soil conservation in the study area.