1. Which of the causes of periodic shortness of breath is less prominent? A. Myocardial ischemia B. Asthma C. Pulmonary embolism D. COPD 2. In the cause of platypnea, which diagnosis is more common? A. Portal hypertension B. Bronc

1. **Which of the causes of periodic shortness of breath is less prominent?** **A. Myocardial ischemia** - Myocardial ischemia typically presents with more consistent symptoms of shortness of breath rather than periodic episodes. On the other hand, asthma, pulmonary embolism, and COPD are commonly associated with periodic shortness of breath. --- 2. **In the cause of platypnea, which diagnosis is more common?** **C. Hepatopulmonary syndrome** - Hepatopulmonary syndrome is a well-known cause of platypnea (shortness of breath when upright which improves when supine). It is associated with liver disease and altered pulmonary hemodynamics. --- 3. **A 30-year-old female patient presented with sudden shortness of breath due to a history of illness and physical examination had no findings other than tachycardia. What diagnostic measures do you recommend for investigation?** **A. Check D-dimer** - In the context of sudden shortness of breath and tachycardia, the D-dimer test is useful to rule out pulmonary embolism. If elevated, further imaging like a CT with contrast would be considered. --- 4. **Which of the following cancers are seen in non-smokers?** **B. Adenocarcinoma** - Adenocarcinoma of the lung can occur in non-smokers, while squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), small cell carcinoma, and large cell carcinoma are more commonly associated with smoking. --- 5. **In the case of lung cancer, which of the following is not a contraindication to surgery?** **C. Hoarseness** - Hoarseness can be a consequence of lung cancer due to involvement of the recurrent laryngeal nerve, but it does not automatically contraindicate surgery. Other conditions listed like involvement of the ribs, pleura, or phrenic nerve typically indicate more advanced disease and may contraindicate surgical intervention.